As humanity sets its sights on Mars and beyond, one of the most critical questions is: what will we eat in space? Food is not just a necessity; it is a key to survival, both physically and psychologically, for astronauts on long-duration missions.  

At Solar Foods, the development of a Solein® – a microbial protein grown with air, water, and electricity – could transform the future of space food. One exciting product made from this protein out of thin air is the Space Shake, a nutrient-packed drink designed to sustain astronauts while meeting the challenges of food production in the harsh conditions of space. Arttu Luukanen, Senior Vice President of Space & Defence at Solar Foods, tells the origins of the Space Shake, the importance of nutrition for astronauts, and how food can maintain morale in the vast emptiness of space. 

Shake, rattle, and sustain – the origins of the Space Shake  

The protein drink was created as an example for the Deep Space Food Challenge of the food that astronauts could grow, prepare and enjoy during their astronomical voyages. The challenge, organised by NASA, CSA, and the Methuselah Foundation, is designed to foster innovation in food systems for long-term space missions. Solein won the international category of the challenge. 

The idea behind the Space Shake was simple: create a high-protein drink that requires minimal preparation and offers essential nutrients for astronauts on long missions. "The Space Shake came from the need to make something fast and easy," says Luukanen. “We mix a 10% Solein base, add dried fruit, sugar, and blend it. In just a few seconds, you have a complete protein drink ready for astronauts.” 

In space, where resources are limited, simplicity is crucial. The version of Solein produced on space flights is different from its Earth-based powdered form. "In space, Solein is made into a base instead of powder, so that it can be used instantly and no water needs to be added. On Earth, the excess water is separated and the product is dried into a fine powder as ensuring long shelf life is important, but in space, the process is designed so that astronauts consume the product within days of its production. 

During the Deep Space Food Challenge, the Space Shake was presented to judges, who loved the mango and banana flavour. "The feedback was great," says Luukanen. "It’s not just functional—it’s tasty, just like you’d expect a fresh and fruity smoothie to taste on Earth too."  

Brain fuel and body mass – the space nutrition equation  

Nutrition in space isn’t just about meeting caloric needs; it’s about keeping astronauts healthy and functioning at their best. One critical element of space nutrition is ensuring astronauts receive enough protein. “Protein is essential in space,” says Luukanen. "It’s not just about maintaining muscle mass—it’s vital for brain function. If astronauts don’t get the nine essential amino acids, their cognitive performance will suffer. Over time, this leads to malnutrition and reduced mental performance." 

In addition to protein, space food needs to be fortified with vital micronutrients. In the harsh, oxidising environment of space, astronauts are exposed to constant background radiation, which can cause damage to their cells. "Solein contains folates, vitamin B12, and beta-carotene, which are important for astronauts, particularly if they are otherwise only eating plant-based food," Luukanen explains. Beta-carotene acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect against radiation damage. “Astronauts need more antioxidants because of the radiation they face, especially when travelling further from Earth,” he adds. 

Another concern is wasting and stunting, a phenomenon in which astronauts lose their appetite and body mass due to the unappealing nature of some space foods. "In microgravity, astronauts often feel bloated and lose their desire to eat. If the food isn’t enjoyable, it only makes the situation worse," Luukanen says. That’s why the deliciousness of food is just as important as its nutritional content. 

Houston, we have a kitchen problem  

Currently, astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have a limited range of food options. Meals are usually freeze-dried or vacuum-sealed, requiring only water to prepare. "There’s no kitchen on the ISS—just a tap for cold or hot water," Luukanen explains. This method works for the ISS, where supplies can be delivered regularly. But what about long-duration missions to Mars, where it might take 1.5 years to reach the Red Planet, with no possibility of resupplying food? 

The challenge of feeding astronauts on Mars is a major focus for NASA. "NASA’s biggest worry isn’t the rockets or life support systems; it’s the food," Luukanen explains. "Astronauts won’t want to eat pills or bland food. They need something they can enjoy, and food that provides social bonding. On the ISS, astronauts eat together and even bring small treats from Earth as a psychological boost." 

Food in space has to be much more than sustenance—it must offer variety and enjoyment. Future space missions will need to find ways to grow food on spacecraft and space stations. Solein could play a key role in creating meals by combining it with plants grown in space. “We can grow lettuce or mushrooms in space using aeroponics—without soil,” Luukanen says. "Imagine a Solein-based mayonnaise with fresh space-grown salad, or a creamy mushroom and Solein soup. The possibilities are endless." 

Could the Space Shake take off on Earth?  

While space food is designed to sustain astronauts in extreme conditions, there’s growing interest in bringing space nutrition to Earth. Functional meal replacement products like the Space Shake could appeal to consumers who are always on the go. "If you don’t have time for a proper breakfast, what’s better than grabbing a meal that’s been proven effective for the most gruelling of professions – astronauts?" asks Luukanen.

Solein-based meal replacements could become a staple for busy professionals or even in humanitarian contexts where quick, nutritious food is needed. The Space Shake, designed to meet the rigorous demands of space travel, could easily find a place in the modern-day diet on Earth. 

Eating for the stars, learning for the Earth  

The Space Shake, and Solar Foods’ innovations with Solein, represent more than just advancements in space nutrition—they challenge us to rethink our relationship with food here on Earth. In space, every drop of water and gram of food is precious, forcing us to be more conscious of what we consume. These lessons, learned in the harshest of environments, could help us create more sustainable and efficient food systems on our own planet. 

As we push forward into space, we’re not only exploring new frontiers of science but also new ways to nourish the human body and spirit. As Luukanen puts it, "In space, food isn’t just about survival—it’s about keeping us human."